宿主机CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core),内核3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64
1、配置宿主机网络桥接
想让虚拟机有自己的ip且外网可访问,需要在安装虚拟机前配置宿主机网络(桥接BRIDGE):
在目录/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts下,将原始的ifcfg-enp2s0重命名ifcfg-enp2s0.old当备份,然后新建ifcfg-enp2s0内容如下:
TYPE=Ethernet IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=yes IPV6INIT=no PROXY_METHOD=none BROWSER_ONLY=no BOOTPROTO=none DEFROUTE=yes NAME=enp2s0 DEVICE=enp2s0 ONBOOT=yes BRIDGE=br0 NM_CONTROLLED=no
再新建ifcgf-br0内容如下:
TYPE=Bridge PROXY_METHOD=none BROWSER_ONLY=no BOOTPROTO=static DEFROUTE=yes IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6INIT=yes IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy NAME=br0 DEVICE=br0 NM_CONTROLLED=no ONBOOT=yes IPADDR=223.129.0.xxx PREFIX=25 GATEWAY=223.129.0.xxx DNS1=8.8.8.8 IPV6_PRIVACY=no ZONE=public
重启网络:systemctl restart network
有时候会报错:
Restarting network (via systemctl): Job for network.service failed because the control process exited with error code. See "systemctl status network.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details.
可以通过journalctl -xe查看具体原因,我这里和该文http://blog.51cto.com/addam/1839518问题类似,所以通过:systemctl stop NetworkManager,然后再重启网络解决了...
ifconfig看到如下信息(要是不对可以尝试重启机器...)
br0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 223.129.0.xxx netmask 255.255.255.xxx broadcast 223.129.0.xxx inet6 fe80::4a5b:39ff:fea4:3ef0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link> ether 48:5b:39:a4:3e:f0 txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet) RX packets 4016129 bytes 379659216 (362.0 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 7392459 bytes 11078132347 (10.3 GiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0enp2s0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet6 fe80::4a5b:39ff:fea4:3ef0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link> ether 48:5b:39:a4:3e:f0 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 4260879 bytes 791804516 (755.1 MiB) RX errors 0 dropped 1092 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 7528373 bytes 11088764715 (10.3 GiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
2、命令行安装kvm虚拟机
安装必要的软件这里就不说了...
ubuntu下(前两条用于安装,第三条用于启动):
1 qemu-img create -f qcow2 /home/kvm/centos7-1511.img 20G 2 qemu-system-x86_64 -m 2048 -enable-kvm -hda /home/kvm/centos7-1511.img -cdrom /home/isos/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso -boot d 3 qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -m 1024 -boot menu=on /home/kvm/centos7-1511.img
centos下:
1 qemu-img create -f qcow2 /home/kvm/centos7-1511.img 20G 2 /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -m 2048 -enable-kvm -hda /home/kvm/centos7-1708.img -cdrom /home/isos/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso -boot d 3 /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -enable-kvm -m 1024 -boot menu=on /home/kvm/centos7-1511.img
如果用ubuntu下的命令2在centos下运行,会出现问题:
1、bash: qemu-system-x86_64: 未找到命令...
解决:qemu-system-x86_64是在安装qemu(注意不是qemu-kvm)时生成的命令,而centos下默认安装的是qemu-kvm包,对应的命令是qemu-kvm。通过rpm -ql qemu-kvm查看输出:/usr/libexec/qemu-kvm,用此替换得到centos下正确的命令2。
正确命令2运行后,输出信息是:
2、VNC server running on `::1:5900'
解决:在xshell下运行:vncviewer :5900,会出现
....
Can't open display:
所以用vncviewer连接到目标主机,然后在图形界面下运行vncviewer :5900,即会跳出安装centos的界面,顺着安装即可(记得在SOFTWARE SELECTION选择要最小安装还是图形界面)
3、让virt-manager可以管理刚才新建的虚拟机
运行完上述的命令1和2后,如果不想每次都通过命令3启动虚拟机,可以通过libvirt管理(这样以后直接virsh start 虚拟机名,即可开启虚拟机)
libvirt(包括virsh)使用xml文件对虚拟机进行配置,其中包括虚拟机名称、分配内存、vcpu等多种信息
下面是一个名为centos7-1511.xml的xml文件,其中定义了一个名为centos7-1511的kvm虚拟机(如果是32位要写i686)
<domain type='kvm' xmlns:qemu='http://libvirt.org/schemas/domain/qemu/1.0'> <name>centos7-1511</name> <uuid>af939aef-c0eb-4b83-96ca-c23aecd3e057</uuid> <memory unit='KiB'>1048576</memory> <currentMemory unit='KiB'>1048576</currentMemory> <vcpu placement='static'>1</vcpu> <os> <type arch='x86_64' machine='pc-i440fx-rhel7.0.0'>hvm</type> <boot dev='hd'/> <bootmenu enable='yes'/> <bios useserial='yes' rebootTimeout='0'/> </os> <features> <acpi/> <apic/> </features> <cpu mode='custom'> <model fallback='allow'></model> </cpu> <clock offset='utc'> <timer name='rtc' tickpolicy='catchup'/> <timer name='pit' tickpolicy='delay'/> <timer name='hpet' present='no'/> </clock> <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff> <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot> <on_crash>restart</on_crash> <pm> <suspend-to-mem enabled='no'/> <suspend-to-disk enabled='no'/> </pm> <devices> <emulator>/usr/libexec/qemu-kvm</emulator> <disk type='file' device='disk'> <driver name='qemu' type='qcow2'/> <source file='/home/kvm/centos7-1511.img'/> <target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x0'/> </disk> <disk type='block' device='cdrom'> <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/> <target dev='hda' bus='ide'/> <readonly/> <address type='drive' controller='0' bus='0' target='0' unit='0'/> </disk> <controller type='usb' index='0'> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x01' function='0x2'/> </controller> <controller type='pci' index='0' model='pci-root'/> <controller type='ide' index='0'> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x01' function='0x1'/> </controller> <interface type='network'> <mac address='48:5b:39:a4:3e:f1'/> <source network='default'/> <model type='e1000'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x03' function='0x0'/> </interface> <serial type='pty'> <target port='0'/> </serial> <console type='pty'> <target type='serial' port='0'/> </console> <input type='tablet' bus='usb'/> <input type='mouse' bus='ps2'/> <input type='keyboard' bus='ps2'/> <graphics type='vnc' port='-1' autoport='yes' listen='0.0.0.0'> <listen type='address' address='0.0.0.0'/> </graphics> <video> <model type='cirrus' vram='16384' heads='1'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x02' function='0x0'/> </video> <memballoon model='virtio'> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x05' function='0x0'/> </memballoon> </devices> </domain>
然后运行下面的命令即可通过virt-manager管理名为centos7-1511的kvm虚拟机
1 [root@localhost kvm]# virsh define centos7-1511.xml 定义域 centos7-1511(从 centos7-1511.xml) 2 [root@localhost kvm]# virsh list --all Id 名称 状态 ---------------------------------------------------- - centos7-1511 关闭 3 [root@localhost kvm]# virsh start centos7-1511 域 centos7-1511 已开始
命令3可能会有问题:
[root@localhost kvm]# virsh start centos7-1511 错误:开始域 centos7-1511 失败 错误:internal error: process exited while connecting to monitor: qemu-kvm: -machine pc-i440fx-2.0,accel=kvm,usb=off,dump-guest-core=off: Unsupported machine type Use -machine help to list supported machines!
通过以下命令:
[root@localhost kvm]# /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm -machine help Supported machines are: none empty machine pc RHEL 7.0.0 PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996) (alias of pc-i440fx-rhel7.0.0) pc-i440fx-rhel7.0.0 RHEL 7.0.0 PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996) (default) rhel6.6.0 RHEL 6.6.0 PC rhel6.5.0 RHEL 6.5.0 PC rhel6.4.0 RHEL 6.4.0 PC rhel6.3.0 RHEL 6.3.0 PC rhel6.2.0 RHEL 6.2.0 PC rhel6.1.0 RHEL 6.1.0 PC rhel6.0.0 RHEL 6.0.0 PC
将xml文件中machine部分替换,然后通过下面的undefine命令取消刚才的虚拟机,再重新运行上面的define即可
可通过:
virsh undefine centos7-1511取消定义虚拟机,之后系统无法识别centos7-1511(此步骤与virsh define centos7-1511.xml对应)
virsh destroy centos7-1511直接销毁虚拟机,取消定义,之后无法执行undefine
注意:用virt-manager第一次启动虚拟机时别忘了修改为桥接,否则即使你在虚拟机里配置了ip等信息,ping网关啥的都会出现:Destination Host Unreachable
4、虚拟机网络配置
修改网络配置文件:
1、ubuntu虚拟机中修改网络配置文件(因为有时候图形界面操作时,会出现无法save的情况)
修改/etc/network/interfaces文件为:
# eth0是你虚拟机的网卡,可以通过ifconfig查看 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static#ip address 223.129.0.xxx# 子网和网关 netmask 255.255.255.xxxgateway 223.129.0.xxx
修改/etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base文件,设置dns
nameserver 8.8.8.8
重启虚拟机,通过ifconfig看到信息:
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:7c:da:c9 inet addr:223.129.0.xxx Bcast:223.129.0.xxx Mask:255.255.255.xxx inet6 addr: fe80::5054:ff:fe7c:dac9/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:219111 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:9266 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:31389489 (31.3 MB) TX bytes:761327 (761.3 KB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 RX packets:64 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:64 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1 RX bytes:5632 (5.6 KB) TX bytes:5632 (5.6 KB)
此时用xshell连接,会出现connection failed
因为ubuntu虚拟机中必须安装openssh-server软件,这样才可以通过ssh连接
安装命令:
1 sudo apt-get install openssh-server 2 sudo /etc/init.d/ssh restart //重启ssh服务
安装好后,用以下命令查看22端口是否处于LISTEN状态,如果是,则说明已经配置好了ubuntu的ssh服务
root@jin:/home/jin# netstat -ntlp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2645/sshd
2、centos下
这个没试,下面是通过图形界面配置后,相应文件内容
[root@localhost network-scripts]# pwd/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts [root@localhost network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens3 TYPE="Ethernet" BOOTPROTO="none" DEFROUTE="yes" IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL="no" IPV6INIT="yes" IPV6_AUTOCONF="yes" IPV6_DEFROUTE="yes" IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL="no" NAME="ens3" UUID="3b886635-d2a9-4569-9763-7468890a64d8" DEVICE="ens3" ONBOOT="yes" DNS1="8.8.8.8" IPADDR=223.129.0.xxx PREFIX=25 GATEWAY=223.129.0.xxx IPV6_PEERDNS=yes IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes IPV6_PRIVACY=no
补充
1、桥接和NAT
。。。。
2、创建虚拟机时各命令含义
。。。。占坑之后写
3、libvirt